Our Health Library information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Please be advised that this information is made available to assist our patients to learn more about their health. Our providers may not see and/or treat all topics found herein.
Category: digestion
Abdominal Fullness or Bloating
Abdominal fullness or bloating occurs when excess gas builds up in the digestive tract. Common causes of gas and abdominal fullness or bloating include: Swallowed air. If swallowed air is not burped up, it passes through the digestive tract and is released through the anus as gas (flatus). Excessive air swallowing may...
Abdominal Pain Causes
Abdominal pain can have many causes. Often the specific symptoms help determine the cause of the pain. Causes of abdominal pain Cause Most common symptoms Gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, gallbladder disease, bowel obstruction, pancreatitis, appendicitis, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal...
Abdominal Pain Following an Injury
Blunt abdominal injuries, such as from a fall or a blow to the stomach, can cause severe bruising of the abdominal wall and bleeding from or rupture of the internal organs. These types of injuries are often caused by falls from a significant height. They can also be caused by car, bike, sledding, or skiing accidents in...
Abdominal Pain and Other Illness
Many chronic illnesses can cause belly (abdominal) pain. These illnesses include sickle cell disease, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cystic fibrosis. Sudden (acute) illnesses, such as strep throat and influenza (flu), can cause belly pain when the glands in the belly become swollen or inflamed. These...
Abdominal Pain, Age 11 and Younger
Briefly discusses possible causes of abdominal pain in children 11 and younger, including stomach flu, urinary tract infection, constipation, and appendicitis. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Abdominal Pain, Age 12 and Older
Briefly discusses symptoms and possible causes of abdominal pain, such as peptic ulcer disease, indigestion, appendicitis, and stomach flu. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Abdominal Ultrasound
An abdominal ultrasound takes pictures of the organs and other structures in your upper belly. It uses sound waves to show images on a screen. Areas that can be checked include the: Abdominal aorta. This large blood vessel passes down the back of the chest and belly. It supplies blood to the lower part of the body and...
Abdominal X-Ray
An abdominal X-ray is a picture of structures and organs in the belly (abdomen). This includes the stomach, liver, spleen, and large and small intestines. It also includes the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest and belly areas. Often two X-rays will be taken from different positions. If the test is...
Acid-Reducing Medicines
Make sure you know about each of the medicines you take. This includes why you take it, how to take it, what you can expect while you're taking it, and any warnings about the medicine. The information provided here is general. So be sure to read the information that came with your medicine. If you have any questions or...
Acute Pancreatitis
Discusses acute pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas that causes abdominal pain. Discusses most common causes, which include gallstones and alcohol misuse. Covers symptoms and treatment with medicines or surgery to remove the gallbladder.
Adjustable Gastric Banding Surgery
Looks at adjustable gastric banding surgery (also called gastric banding), a type of weight-loss surgery used to treat obesity. Explains what it is and why it is done. Looks at how it is done and what to expect after surgery. Also covers risks.
Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Primary liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the liver. Cancer that forms in other parts of the body and spreads to the liver is not primary liver cancer. The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It has two lobes and fills the upper right side of the abdomen...
Advance Care Planning: Should I Have Artificial Hydration and Nutrition?
Guides through decision to receive artificial hydration and nutrition if you have a life-threatening or terminal illness. Describes various feeding-tube methods. Discusses benefits and risks. Includes interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Test
An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) test measures the amount of this enzyme in the blood. ALT is found mainly in the liver, but also in smaller amounts in the kidneys, heart, muscles, and pancreas. ALT was formerly called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). ALT is measured to see if the liver is damaged or...
Alkaline Phosphatase Test
An alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test measures the amount of the enzyme ALP in the blood. ALP is made mostly in the liver and in bone with some made in the intestines and kidneys. It also is made by the placenta during pregnancy. The liver makes more ALP than the other organs or the bones. Some conditions cause large...
Ammonia Test
An ammonia test measures the amount of ammonia in the blood. Most ammonia in the body forms when protein is broken down by bacteria in the intestines. The liver normally converts ammonia into urea, which is then eliminated in urine. Ammonia levels in the blood rise when the liver is not able to convert ammonia to urea...
Amylase Test
An amylase test measures the amount of this enzyme in a sample of blood taken from a vein or in a sample of urine. Normally, only low levels of amylase are found in the blood or urine. But if the pancreas or salivary glands become damaged or blocked, more amylase is usually released into the blood and urine. In the...
Anal Cancer
What is anal cancer? Anal cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in the anus, which is the opening at the end of the rectum. Anal cancer is not common and is often curable. But like other cancers, it can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. What causes it? Some problems can lead to anal cancer, such as HPV...
Anal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention - Patient Information [NCI]
Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower the number of deaths caused by cancer. To prevent new cancers from starting, scientists look at risk factors and protective...
Anal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the anus. . The anus is the end of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which stool (solid waste) leaves the body. The anus is formed partly from the outer skin layers of the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-like...
Anal Fissure
This article covers basic information about anal fissures, including diagnosis, treatment, and self-care.
Anal Fistulas and Crohn's Disease
Crohn's disease may cause sores, or ulcers, that tunnel through the intestine and into the surrounding tissue, often around the anus and rectum. These abnormal tunnels, called fistulas, are a common complication of Crohn's disease. They may get infected. Crohn's disease can also cause anal fissures. These are narrow...
Anthrax
Discusses anthrax, a disease caused byBacillus anthracisbacteria. Covers symptoms based on the three types of infection. Discusses treatment with antibiotics and other medicines. Covers anthrax vaccine. Offers tips on reducing exposure risk.
Antigen Tests for Giardiasis
For a giardia antigen test, a stool sample or fluid from the upper part of the intestines (duodenal fluid) is tested in the lab for the presence of antigens from Giardia lamblia. This test is often done at the same time as a stool analysis.
Appendicitis
Discusses what happens when the appendix becomes infected and inflamed. Includes appendicitis symptoms such as belly pain. Looks at exams and tests. Covers different types of surgery to remove your appendix (appendectomy).
Ascites and Liver Disease
Ascites is the buildup of fluid in the abdomen. The extra fluid can cause your belly to swell and make it hard to breathe. Ascites can be a complication of other health problems, such as liver disease and some cancers. How is ascites treated? Treatment for ascites may include taking medicines, eating a low-salt diet...
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Test
An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) test measures the amount of this enzyme in the blood. AST is normally found in red blood cells, liver, heart, muscle tissue, pancreas, and kidneys. AST formerly was called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). Low levels of AST are normally found in the blood. When body...
Asthma and GERD
GERD is found in many people who have asthma. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the abnormal backflow, or reflux, of stomach juices into the esophagus, the tube that leads from the throat to the stomach. Some experts debate whether or to what extent GERD makes asthma worse. Studies have shown conflicting results...
Barium Enema
Discusses barium enema, a procedure used to help diagnose problems in the large intestine (colon and rectum). Covers why it's done, how it's done, and how to prepare. Looks at risks. Covers possible results.
Basic Metabolic Panel
Briefly discusses basic metabolic panel, a blood test that measures your sugar (glucose) level, electrolyte and fluid balance, and kidney function. Provides links to more info on specific tests such as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and potassium tests.
Belly (Abdominal) Gas in Babies
Learn the basics about what causes gas in babies and how to help relieve and prevent it.
Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Bile duct cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the bile ducts. Bile duct cancer is also called cholangiocarcinoma. A network of tubes, called ducts, connects the liver, gallbladder, and small intestine. This network begins in the liver where many small ducts collect bile (a fluid made by...
Biliopancreatic Diversion With or Without a Duodenal Switch
Discusses biliopancreatic diversion, surgery for obesity that makes the stomach smaller and bypasses part of the intestine. Looks at why the procedure is considered only for people who have not been able to lose weight other ways or whose health is at risk. Includes risks.
Bilirubin Test
A bilirubin test measures the amount of bilirubin in a blood sample. Bilirubin is a brownish yellow substance found in bile. It is produced when the liver breaks down old red blood cells. Bilirubin is then removed from the body through the stool (feces) and gives stool its normal color. Bilirubin circulates in the...
Bowel Disease: Caring for Your Ostomy
Caring for your ostomy is an important part of maintaining your quality of life. You will need to: Empty your pouch as needed. Some pouches can be drained and reused. Other pouches are closed and must be thrown away after each use. Replace your pouching system as needed (usually every 3 to 7 days). This may include...
Bowel Disease: Changing Your Diet
Covers following an eating plan for inflammatory bowel disease. Helps you learn more about how to eat so you can manage your symptoms but still get the nutrition you need.
Bowel Movements in Babies
How often do newborns have bowel movements? You may be surprised at the number of diapers your newborn goes through every day. Many newborns have at least 1 or 2 bowel movements a day. By the end of the first week, your baby may have as many as 5 to 10 a day. Your baby may pass a stool after each feeding. The number of...
Bowel Obstruction
Looks at causes and symptoms of small-bowel and large-bowel obstructions. Covers exams and tests to diagnose it. Covers treatment with enemas or stents. Discusses when surgery may be needed.
Bowel Resection
Discusses surgical treatment of digestive system problems by removing diseased or damaged part of the colon (bowel resection). Includes laparoscopic surgery. Covers what to expect after surgery. Discusses risks.
Bowel Resection for Colorectal Cancer
Resection is another name for any surgery that removes tissue or part of an organ. Bowel resection for colorectal cancer, also called partial colectomy, removes the tumor. To make sure that only healthy tissue is left, the doctor removes a small amount of healthy colon or rectum tissue on both sides of the tumor. The...
Bowel Transit Time Test
A bowel transit time test measures how long it takes for food to travel through the digestive tract. After you chew and swallow your food, it moves into your stomach, where it is mixed with acid and digestive enzymes. After your food leaves your stomach, it is squeezed through your small intestine, where nutrients are...
Campylobacteriosis
What is campylobacteriosis? Campylobacteriosis is food poisoning caused by the campylobacter bacterium. Campylobacteriosis occurs much more often in the summer months than in the winter months. Infants, young adults, and males are most likely to get the condition. What causes it? Campylobacteriosis is usually caused by...
Cancer: Home Treatment for Constipation
These ideas can help you manage constipation caused by cancer or cancer treatment. If your doctor has given you instructions to treat constipation, be sure to follow them. Drink plenty of fluids. If you have heart failure or kidney failure, talk to your doctor about what amount of fluid is right for you. Avoid alcohol...
Cancer: Home Treatment for Diarrhea
Diarrhea is a common problem for people getting cancer treatment. Diarrhea can be caused by: Some medicines that damage the lining of your intestines. Radiation therapy aimed at your belly or pelvis. Surgery to remove part of your intestines. A side effect of bone marrow transplants called graft-versus-host disease...
Capsaicin
Covers capsaicin found in some hot peppers. Looks at its use as dietary supplement to improve digestion and fight infection, topical skin products to relieve headaches and joint pain, and skin patch for postherpetic neuralgia. Covers safety, side effects.
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, and Blood Sugar
The body uses three main nutrients to function— carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Carbohydrate is the nutrient that most affects your blood sugar. Protein and fat do not raise blood sugar as much as carbohydrate does. Planning meals and snacks with a good balance of carbohydrate, lean protein, and healthy fat can help you...
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Test
The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test measures the amount of this protein that may appear in the blood of some people who have certain kinds of cancers, especially cancer of the large intestine ( colon and rectal cancer). It may also be present in people with cancer of the pancreas, breast, ovary, or lung. CEA is...
Cardiac Cachexia
Cardiac cachexia is unintentional severe weight loss caused by severe heart failure. The weight loss might be life-threatening. Even with a very good appetite and high calorie intake, some people lose muscle mass. Cardiac cachexia can require supplemental nutrition. How it happens Heart failure may cause blood to back...
Caregiving: Using a Bedside Commode (Toilet)
A bedside commode is a portable toilet. When someone can't make it to the bathroom but is able to get out of bed, it can be a safe way to use the toilet. The doctor may recommend a bedside commode after a surgery or if someone has had some health problems that make it difficult to get to the bathroom. Encourage the...
Causes of Bleeding in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Causes of bleeding in the stomach and intestines (digestive or gastrointestinal tract) include: Esophagitis. This is irritation or inflammation of the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach). Regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Examples are aspirin and ibuprofen. These...
Celiac Disease
What is celiac disease? Celiac disease is a problem some people have with foods that contain gluten. Gluten is a type of protein. It's found in the grains wheat, barley, rye, and triticale (a wheat-rye cross). When you have this disease and you eat food with gluten in it, the gluten triggers an immune response that...
Celiac Disease Antibodies Test
Celiac disease is a problem that happens when gluten in food causes your immune system to attack the lining of your small intestine. As part of this mistaken attack, your immune system creates certain proteins called antibodies. If your doctor thinks you may have celiac disease, they will order a simple blood test that...
Celiac Disease: Eating a Gluten-Free Diet
Celiac disease (or celiac sprue) is a problem with digesting gluten. Gluten is a type of protein found in wheat, rye, and other grains. This problem starts when the body's immune system attacks the small intestine when gluten is eaten. The immune system is supposed to fight off viruses and other invaders, but sometimes...
Childhood Colorectal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Colorectal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the colon or the rectum. The colon is part of the body's digestive system. The digestive system removes and processes nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) from foods and helps pass waste...
Childhood Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
A gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor forms in neuroendocrine cells in the lining of the digestive tract, appendix, and other organs in the abdomen. Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (also called gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors) form from a certain type of neuroendocrine cell (a type of cell that is like a...
Childhood Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the wall of the stomach or intestines. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) usually begin in cells in the tissues of the wall of the stomach or intestines. These cells, called interstitial cells of Cajal, help food...
Childhood Liver Cancer Treatment: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Hepatoblastoma is a cancer that forms in the tissues of the liver. It is the most common type of childhood liver cancer and usually affects children younger than 3 years of age. The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It has two lobes and fills the upper right side of the abdomen inside the rib cage. Three...
Childhood Mesothelioma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Mesothelioma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the thin layer of tissue that covers organs in the chest or abdomen. Malignant mesothelioma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in one or more of the following: Pleura: A thin layer of tissue that lines the chest cavity and covers...
Childhood Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Pancreatic cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the pancreas. The pancreas is a gland about 6 inches long that is shaped like a thin pear lying on its side. The wider end of the pancreas is called the head, the middle section is called the body, and the narrow end is called the...
Childhood Salivary Gland Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Salivary gland cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the salivary glands. The salivary glands make saliva and release it into the mouth. Saliva has enzymes that help digest food and antibodies that help protect against infections of the mouth and throat. There are 3 pairs of...
Childhood Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Treatment: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Childhood stomach cancer is a very rare cancer that starts in the cells lining the stomach. The stomach is an organ on the left side of the upper abdomen that digests food. The stomach is part of the digestive tract, a series of hollow, muscular organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The...
Chloride (Cl) Test
A chloride test measures the level of chloride in your blood or urine. Chloride is one of the most important electrolytes in the blood. It helps keep the amount of fluid inside and outside of your cells in balance. It also helps maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure, and pH of your body fluids. Tests for sodium...
Cholecystitis
What is cholecystitis? Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, a small organ near the liver that plays a part in digesting food. Normally, fluid called bile passes out of the gallbladder on its way to the small intestine. If the flow of bile is blocked, it builds up inside the gallbladder, causing swelling...
Cholera Vaccine: What You Need to Know
Cholera vaccine can prevent cholera. Cholera is spread through contaminated food or water. It is not usually spread directly from person to person, but it can be spread through contact with the feces of an infected person. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and vomiting. If it isn’t treated quickly...
Chronic Constipation
Constipation may come and go and can cause pain and discomfort. But when it happens for weeks, months, or years, you may have chronic constipation. Chronic constipation can affect the quality of your life. But you can work with your doctor to learn how to manage it with different treatments. What causes it? If there is...
Chronic Pancreatitis
Discusses chronic pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas that causes abdominal pain. Discusses most common causes, which include gallstones and alcohol misuse. Covers symptoms and treatment with medicines or surgery to remove the gallbladder.
Chronic Pancreatitis: Pain Management
Pain is a frustrating, sometimes debilitating aspect of ongoing (chronic) pancreatitis. Many people have pain for many years. Pain may decrease as the damaged pancreas loses its ability to produce enzymes. But it may take years for the pancreas to stop producing enzymes. In many people, this process never occurs. If you...
Cirrhosis
Discusses serious condition in which scarring damages the liver. Looks at causes, including heavy alcohol use, autoimmune chronic hepatitis, and chronic viral hepatitis. Covers symptoms like fluid buildup in the belly called ascites. Discusses transplant.
Cirrhosis Complications: Encephalopathy
When the liver has been damaged, it may not be able to filter poisons from the bloodstream, especially substances in the blood produced by bacteria in the large intestine. As a result, these substances (which include ammonia) may build up in the bloodstream and cause problems in your brain called encephalopathy. High...
Cirrhosis Complications: Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is an infection of fluid that builds up in the belly. It causes pain and swelling inside the belly. It may also cause a fever. This infection most often occurs when a person has had cirrhosis for a long time. It can also occur in people with other conditions that cause fluid to...
Cirrhosis Complications: Variceal Bleeding
Variceal bleeding happens when large veins, often in the esophagus, get swollen and break open. It's caused by a condition called portal hypertension. Portal hypertension is high pressure in the veins that filter blood from the intestines through the liver (portal system of the liver). The pressure increases in the...
Cirrhosis: Beta-Blockers for Portal Hypertension and Varices
Beta-blocker medicines are used to prevent an episode of variceal bleeding by lowering the pressure in the enlarged veins (varices). Variceal bleeding occurs when the pressure increases in the portal vein system and the veins in the esophagus, stomach, and rectum enlarge to help blood flow through the liver. By slowing...
Cirrhosis: Surgical Shunts for Portal Hypertension
Shunt surgeries are designed to redirect the flow of blood or belly fluid through other areas of the body. Types of shunts used include: Peritoneovenous shunts. These shunts may reduce fluid buildup in the belly ( ascites). They divert the fluid into normal blood circulation. Portacaval shunts. These shunts may lower...
Cirrhosis: Vasoconstrictor Medicines for Variceal Bleeding
Vasoconstrictor medicines are used to treat sudden (acute) bleeding from enlarged veins (varices). They make small blood vessels constrict, which reduces blood flow to veins that carry blood to the liver (portal veins). These medicines also may be used along with endoscopic treatment. What are the side effects? Side...
Cleaning Up Diarrhea
When cleaning up diarrhea, it is important to remember that germs can spread very easily. This can happen when people or items in the home come into contact with diarrhea. Careful cleaning can help reduce the chance of spreading germs. If you have them, wear disposable gloves when cleaning up diarrhea or other body...
Clostridioides Difficile (C. diff) Colitis
Discusses Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) bacteria that cause swelling and irritation of the large intestine, or colon. Looks at how you may get C. diff colitis if you take antibiotics. Covers treatment options.
Clostridioides Difficile (C. diff) Toxins Test
Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) are bacteria that live in your large intestine, or colon, all the time. They usually don't cause problems. But sometimes, something causes the bacteria to grow. When there are too many of them, they release harmful substances called toxins. When the toxins are released, the colon...
Colic
What is colic? All babies cry, but sometimes a baby will cry for hours at a time, no matter what you do. This extreme type of crying in a baby between 3 weeks and 3 months of age is called colic. Although it is upsetting for parents and caregivers, colic is normal for some babies. Doctors usually diagnose colic when a...
Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Colon cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the colon. The colon is part of the body's digestive system. The digestive system removes and processes nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) from foods and helps pass waste material out of the...
Colon Polyps
Discusses colon polyps. Covers causes and symptoms. Covers screening tests such as fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and colonoscopy. Looks at treatments.
Colonoscopy
Describes colonoscopy, a screening test that examines the lining of the large intestine. Explains that the test is done to look for polyps in the colon or rectum and to check for colorectal cancer. Discusses preparing for the test and how it is done.
Colorectal Cancer
Discusses testing and diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Covers polyps, small growths inside the colon or rectum. Includes when screening tests such as colonoscopy should be done. Discusses treatment with surgery and chemotherapy. Offers prevention tips.
Colorectal Cancer Genetic Testing
Discusses blood test that can tell you if you carry rare changed genes that can cause colon cancer, also called colorectal cancer. Covers familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Looks at colonoscopy screening. Discusses risks. Includes genetic counseling.
Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention - Patient Information [NCI]
Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower the number of deaths caused by cancer. To prevent new cancers from starting, scientists look at risk factors and protective...
Colorectal Cancer Screening
Explains what colon cancer is and who should be screened.
Colorectal Cancer Screening (PDQ®): Screening - Patient Information [NCI]
Screening is looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. This can help find cancer at an early stage. When abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat. By the time symptoms appear, cancer may have begun to spread. Scientists are trying to better understand which people are more likely to...
Colorectal Cancer, Metastatic or Recurrent
Discusses colon and rectal cancers that return after treatment or that spread to other parts of the body. Looks at symptoms. Discusses treatment with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Colorectal Cancer: Which Screening Test Should I Have?
Guides you through choosing a test to check for colorectal cancer. Looks at symptoms of colorectal cancer. Covers stool tests, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and virtual colonoscopy. Includes interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Colostomy
A colostomy is surgery to make an opening in the skin on the belly and connect your bowel (colon) to that opening. The opening is called a stoma. The stoma may be needed for weeks to months. Or it may be needed throughout your life. After surgery, stool will not leave your body through your anus. It will go through the...
Common Types of Hernias
Provides information on common hernias, including abdominal, incisional, and umbilical hernias. Briefly covers symptoms and treatment with surgery.
Complications of Peptic Ulcer
A peptic ulcer may cause problems such as: Bleeding. Peptic ulcers sometimes bleed. Sometimes an ulcer may involve just the surface lining of the digestive tract. The person may then have a slow but constant loss of blood into the digestive tract. Over time, this may cause anemia. If ulcers become larger and go deeper...
Comprehensive Metabolic Panel
A comprehensive metabolic panel is a blood test that measures your sugar (glucose) level, electrolyte and fluid balance, kidney function, and liver function. Glucose is a type of sugar your body uses for energy. Electrolytes keep your body's fluids in balance. They also help keep your body working normally, including...
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan of the Body
A computed tomography (CT) scan uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside of the body. During the test, you will lie on a table that is attached to the CT scanner, which is a large doughnut-shaped machine. The CT scanner sends X-rays through the body area being studied. Each rotation of the scanner...
Constipation in Children
Constipation occurs when stools become hard and are difficult to pass. A child may cry because he or she is constipated. A crying episode usually occurs while the child is trying to pass a stool and normally will stop when the stool is passed. Some parents are overly concerned about how often their child has a bowel...
Constipation, Age 11 and Younger
Briefly discusses constipation in those 11 and younger. Covers normal patterns of bowel movements. Covers hard stools and if and when children should be given laxatives. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Constipation, Age 12 and Older
Briefly discusses constipation in those 12 and older. Covers symptoms, including few bowel movements, straining, and passing hard stools. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Constipation: Keeping Your Bowels Healthy
For healthy bowels, avoid constipation. You can try these steps. Eat foods high in fiber. Include fruits, vegetables, beans, and whole grains in your diet each day. Drink plenty of fluids. Get some exercise every day. Try to do moderate activity that adds up to at least 2½ hours a week. Or try to do vigorous activity...
Crohn's Disease
Discusses Crohn's disease, an inflammatory bowel disease. Covers symptoms, which include diarrhea and abdominal pain. Discusses treatment with medicines, including corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biologics. Also covers treatment with surgery.
Crohn's Disease: Problems Outside the Digestive Tract
Sometimes symptoms of Crohn's disease can develop outside the digestive tract in other parts of the body (systemic symptoms), including the eyes, liver, blood, and bones. These systemic symptoms suggest that the immune system is involved in Crohn's disease. Systemic symptoms can include: Joint problems, which occur in...
Crohn's Disease: When Surgery Is Needed
Surgery for Crohn's disease usually is needed if ongoing symptoms do not respond to medicine or if side effects of medicine cause other serious problems. Surgery may be needed when you have: Bowel blockage (obstruction). Abscesses or tears (fissures) in the anal area or when abnormal connections (fistulas) form between...
Cryptosporidium
What is cryptosporidiosis? Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by the Cryptosporidium parvum parasite, also referred to as "Crypto." Crypto lives in the intestine of infected animals and humans and is passed through stool. What causes it? Cryptosporidiosis, also called "crypto," is primarily transmitted by...
D-Xylose Absorption Test
The D-xylose absorption test measures the level of D-xylose, a type of sugar, in a blood or urine sample. This test is done to help diagnose problems that prevent the small intestine from absorbing nutrients in food. D-xylose is normally easily absorbed by the intestines. When problems with absorption occur, D-xylose is...
Dementia: Bladder and Bowel Problems
Loss of bladder and bowel control (incontinence) can sometimes result from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Several strategies may help you deal with this problem: Encourage the person to use the bathroom on a regular schedule, such as every 2 hours. Restrict liquids a few hours before bedtime. If the person has...
Dengue Fever
What is dengue fever? Dengue (say "DEN-gay") fever is a disease caused by a virus that is carried by mosquitoes. Mild cases cause a rash and flu-like symptoms. Some people, especially children, can get more serious forms of the illness, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. How is it spread...
Diabetes and Constipation or Diarrhea
Constipation is a common gastrointestinal problem for people who have diabetes. Diarrhea that occurs at night is also common. The nerves of the intestines control how long solid food waste remains in the intestines. If these nerves have been damaged by high blood sugar levels, food and waste products may move through...
Diabetes: How to Prepare for a Colonoscopy
Before the test, you will need to stop eating solid foods. You also will follow instructions on how to clean out your colon. This will help your doctor to be able to see inside your colon during the test. Before you schedule When you make your appointment for the colonoscopy, mention that you have diabetes. Ask for any...
Diarrhea, Age 11 and Younger
Briefly discusses diarrhea in those 11 and younger. Covers causes such as infection and inflammatory bowel disease. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Diarrhea, Age 12 and Older
Briefly discusses diarrhea in older children and adults. Covers causes and symptoms such as abdominal pain and black or bloody stools. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia)
What is difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)? Difficulty swallowing is also called dysphagia. It is usually a sign of a problem with your throat or esophagus—the muscular tube that moves food and liquids from the back of your mouth to your stomach. Although dysphagia can happen to anyone, it is most common in older adults...
Digestion
Provides links to information about digestion and digestive health. Includes info about heartburn, constipation, gas and bloating, ulcers, diverticulitis, and gallstones.
Digital Rectal Examination
A digital (finger) rectal examination is done to check for problems with organs or other structures in the pelvis and lower belly. During the examination, the doctor gently puts a lubricated, gloved finger of one hand into the rectum. The doctor may use the other hand to press on the lower belly or pelvic area. A...
Diverticular Bleeding
Briefly discusses diverticular bleeding. Explains what diverticular bleeding is. Looks at causes, and symptoms such as severe rectal bleeding. Covers treatment options. Offers prevention tips, including eating a high-fiber diet.
Diverticulitis
Includes info on diverticulitis, a condition in which pouches form in the colon and get inflamed or infected. Discusses symptoms and possible complications. Covers treatment with changes to your diet, medicine, or surgery.
Diverticulosis
Looks at causes and symptoms of diverticulosis. Explains what diverticulosis is and how it is treated. Covers painful diverticular disease. Offers home treatment and prevention tips, including eating more dietary fiber.
Dyspepsia
Dyspepsia is a common symptom and can include: Belly pain or discomfort. Bloating. Feeling uncomfortably full after eating. Nausea. Loss of appetite. Burping. Most people will experience some symptoms of dyspepsia within their lifetimes. What causes it? The most common kind of dyspepsia is called functional dyspepsia...
E. Coli Infection From Food or Water
What is an E. coli infection? E. coli (Escherichia coli) is the name of a germ, or bacterium, that lives in the digestive tracts of humans and animals. There are many types of E. coli, and most of them are harmless. But some can cause bloody diarrhea. Some strains of E. coli may also cause severe anemia or kidney...
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP)
An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) test checks the tubes (ducts) that drain the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. A flexible, lighted scope ( endoscope) and X-ray pictures are used. The scope is put through the mouth and gently moved down the throat. It goes through your esophagus, stomach, and...
Endoscopic Treatment for Variceal Bleeding
Endoscopic therapy is the method most commonly used to treat active variceal bleeding in the esophagus. Variceal bleeding occurs when pressure increases in the portal vein system and the veins in the esophagus enlarge to help blood flow through the liver. It also may be used to prevent recurrent episodes of variceal...
Environmental Illness
What is an environmental illness? An environmental illness can occur when you are exposed to toxins or substances in the environment that make you sick. These health hazards may be found where you live, work, or play. Maybe you have headaches that only occur on weekends. Or maybe you began to feel sick and got a rash...
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
What is eosinophilic esophagitis? Esophagitis (say "ee-sof-uh-JY-tus") is irritation or inflammation of the esophagus. This is the tube that carries food from your throat to your stomach. In eosinophilic (say "ee-uh-sin-uh-FILL-ick") esophagitis, white blood cells called eosinophils are in the esophagus. Eosinophils...
Esophageal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention - Patient Information [NCI]
Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower the number of deaths caused by cancer. To prevent new cancers from starting, scientists look at risk factors and protective...
Esophageal Cancer Screening (PDQ®): Screening - Patient Information [NCI]
Screening is looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. This can help find cancer at an early stage. When abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat. By the time symptoms appear, cancer may have begun to spread. Scientists are trying to better understand which people are more likely to...
Esophageal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the esophagus. The esophagus is the hollow, muscular tube that moves food and liquid from the throat to the stomach. The wall of the esophagus is made up of several layers of tissue, including mucous membrane, muscle, and connective...
Esophageal Spasm
What is esophageal spasm? Normally, the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth and the stomach) contracts to move food from the mouth to the stomach. It does this with a regular, coordinated rhythm. Esophageal spasm means that contractions of the esophagus are irregular, uncoordinated, and sometimes powerful. This...
Esophagitis
What is esophagitis? Esophagitis is irritation or inflammation of the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that carries food from your throat to your stomach. Esophagitis can be painful and can make it hard to swallow. What causes it? Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is the most common cause of esophagitis...
Esophagus Tests
Your esophagus is the tube that connects your throat to your stomach. It moves food and liquid down to the stomach. Esophagus tests can check how well the muscles in the tube work, how strong the tube is, and the pH (acid content) of the tube. They also can find out how much gas, liquid, and solid move through the...
Feeding Your Premature Infant
Some premature babies can't be fed by mouth right after birth. If your baby was born before the gestational age of 32 to 34 weeks, he or she can't feed by mouth. The reasons are: Poor coordination (or lack) of sucking, swallowing, and gag reflex. Weakness of both the oral and stomach muscles. Small stomach capacity...
Following a Low-Fiber Diet
What is a low-fiber diet? A low-fiber diet contains foods that don't create much waste (stool). This diet slows down your bowels and gives them a chance to rest. Fiber is the part of plants that your body can't digest. It gives bulk to your diet and helps you feel full. It also helps you have regular bowel movements...
Food Poisoning and Safe Food Handling
What is food poisoning? Food poisoning is an illness caused by eating foods that have harmful germs in them. These germs are mostly found in raw meat, chicken, fish, and eggs, but they can spread to any type of food. They can also grow on food that's left out on counters or outdoors or is stored too long before you eat...
Food Poisoning: Clostridium Perfringens
What is C. perfringens food poisoning? C. perfringens food poisoning is caused by infection with the Clostridium perfringens ( C. perfringens) bacterium. C. perfringens is found frequently in the intestines of humans and many animals and is present in soil and areas contaminated by human or animal feces. What causes it...
Fructose or Sorbitol Intolerance
Fructose and sorbitol are two sugars that often are added to processed foods and medicines to make them taste sweet. Fructose is found in fruits, fruit juice, honey, and high fructose corn syrup. It also can be found in soda pop and fruit drinks. Sorbitol is found in diet products, chewing gum, candy, frozen ice treats...
Full Liquid Diets
Understand the basics of a full liquid diet.
Fulminant Hepatitis
People who have fulminant hepatitis typically develop the symptoms seen in viral hepatitis. Then they rapidly develop severe, often life-threatening liver failure. This can happen within hours, days, or sometimes weeks. Symptoms When people with fulminant hepatitis develop severe liver failure, symptoms may include...
Fundoplication Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
During fundoplication surgery, the upper curve of the stomach (the fundus) is wrapped around the lower end of the esophagus. Then it's sewn into place so that the lower portion of the esophagus passes through a small tunnel of stomach muscle. This surgery strengthens the valve between the esophagus and stomach ( lower...
GERD: Controlling Heartburn by Changing Your Habits
Symptoms of GERD can be painful and, if allowed to continue, can lead to complications including esophagitis. Esophagitis is irritation or inflammation of the esophagus. You can make changes to your lifestyle to help relieve your symptoms of GERD. Here are some things to try. Stay at a weight that's healthy for you...
GERD: Esophageal Erosion and Ulcers
When you have GERD, stomach acids and juices back up into the esophagus. This can irritate and wear away the lining of the esophagus and cause sores. These sores are called ulcers. What causes GERD? Normally when you swallow food, it travels down the esophagus. A valve opens to let the food pass into the stomach, and...
GERD: Which Treatment Should I Use?
Guides you through decision to use medicine or surgery to treat GERD. Covers medicines like antacids and esomeprazole (Nexium). Discusses laparoscopic surgery. Looks at pros and cons of each. Includes interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Gallbladder cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the tissues of the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer occurs when cells in the gallbladder start to grow out of control. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ that lies just under the liver in the upper abdomen. The gallbladder stores bile, a fluid made by the...
Gallstone Symptoms: When Surgery Is Needed
Gallstones are stones made of cholesterol and other substances that form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder stores bile. Bile helps the body digest food. Gallstones also can form in the bile duct. This is the tube that carries bile from the gallbladder and the liver to the small intestine. Gallstones that block the...
Gallstones
Discusses gallstones, which are hard stones in the gallbladder. Covers causes and symptoms. Discusses what increases your risk and offers prevention tips. Covers treatment options, including bile acid, lithotripsy, ERCP, and laparoscopic and open surgery.
Gallstones: Should I Have Gallbladder Surgery?
Guides through the decision to have surgery to remove the gallbladder. Includes info on open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Lists benefits and risks of surgery. Includes interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Gas (Flatus)
Gas (flatus) is made in the stomach and intestines as your body breaks down food into energy. All people pass gas, some people more than others. It is normal to pass gas from 6 to 20 times per day. What are common causes of gas? Common causes of gas include: Swallowed air. If swallowed air is not burped up, it passes...
Gas, Bloating, and Burping
Briefly discusses the common causes of gas, bloating, and burping, including food, drink, medicines, and health conditions. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Gas, Burping, or Bloating That Begins After Eating or Drinking
Gas, burping, and bloating are common after you swallow air, eat foods that cause gas, or drink carbonated beverages. This is normal and usually can be helped by making some simple changes. The amount of gas that different foods cause varies from person to person. Examples of gas-producing foods are: Peas, lentils, and...
Gastric Bypass Surgery
Discusses gastric bypass surgery to treat obesity. Discusses why and when it is done. Covers laparoscopic and open Roux-en-Y surgery. Discusses risks during and after surgery.
Gastric Cancer Treatment: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Stomach (gastric) cancer is cancer that starts in the cells lining the stomach. The stomach is an organ on the left side of the upper abdomen that digests food. The stomach is part of the digestive tract, a series of hollow, muscular organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The digestive tract...
Gastric Sleeve Surgery
Looks at sleeve gastrectomy, a type of weight-loss surgery for obesity. Explains what it is and why it is done. Looks at how it is done and what to expect after surgery. Also covers risks.
Gastrin Test
A gastrin test measures the level of the hormone gastrin in the blood. Gastrin is produced by cells, called G cells, in the stomach lining. When food enters the stomach, G cells trigger the release of gastrin in the blood. As blood levels of gastrin rise, the stomach releases acid (gastric acid) that helps break down...
Gastritis
What is gastritis? Gastritis is an upset stomach. It happens when something irritates the stomach lining. Normally, a layer of mucus protects the stomach lining. If gastritis occurs for a long time, part of this lining may wear away. This causes sores called ulcers. What causes it? Many things can cause gastritis, such...
Gastroenteritis in Adults and Older Children
Discusses gastroenteritis (also called stomach flu) caused by a virus or bacteria. Covers symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. Offers home treatment tips. Also offers prevention tips. Covers when you should seek care.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Discusses gastroesophageal reflux disease. Covers its main symptom of heartburn, caused by stomach acid and juices flowing from the stomach back into the esophagus. Covers treatment with medicines and surgery. Offers tips on lifestyle changes to help manage GERD.
Gastroesophageal Reflux in Babies and Children
What is gastroesophageal reflux in babies and children? Gastroesophageal reflux is a backflow (reflux or regurgitation) of food and stomach acid into the esophagus. This is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. When reflux irritates the lining of the esophagus and causes burning pain, difficulty eating...
Gastrointestinal Complications (PDQ®): Supportive care - Patient Information [NCI]
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is part of the digestive system, which processes nutrients in foods that are eaten and helps pass waste material out of the body. The GI tract includes the stomach and intestines (bowels). . The esophagus and stomach are part of the upper gastrointestinal (digestive) system. Food moves...
Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
A gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor is cancer that forms in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. . The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is part of the body's digestive system, a series of hollow, muscular organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The digestive tract processes nutrients...
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is part of the body's digestive system. It helps to digest food and takes nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) from food so they...
Gastroparesis
What is gastroparesis? After a meal, the stomach normally empties in 1½ to 2 hours. When you have gastroparesis, your stomach takes a lot longer to empty. The delay results in bothersome symptoms that may become more severe over time. Bezoar is a fairly rare condition related to gastroparesis. In this condition, food...
Getting Enough Fiber
Why is fiber important? Eating a diet high in fiber is thought to help prevent constipation and its related problems. It may lower blood pressure, improve cholesterol levels, and help control blood sugar levels. And it may help you reach and stay at a healthy weight. What is the recommended daily amount of fiber? In...
Giardiasis
What is giardiasis? Giardiasis (say "jee-ar-DYE-uh-sus") is an infection of the intestines caused by the parasite Giardia lamblia. The illness is also called giardia (say "jee-AR-dee-uh"). It can happen if you drink water that has been contaminated. How is it spread? You may become infected with giardia if you eat food...
HELLP Syndrome
What is HELLP syndrome? HELLP syndrome is a serious liver disorder that can develop during pregnancy. HELLP stands for H emolysis (destruction of red blood cells), E levated L iver enzymes, and L ow P latelet count. HELLP is usually related to preeclampsia. In most cases it happens in the third trimester, but it can...
HIDA Scan
Discusses nuclear scanning test done to evaluate gallbladder function. Covers how to prepare for test and how it is done, including use of radioactive tracer substance. Includes info on risks and what test results may mean.
Heartburn
Briefly discusses possible causes of heartburn and the severity of symptoms. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Heartburn During Pregnancy
Heartburn is common during pregnancy. That's because hormones cause the digestive system to slow down. The muscles that push food down the esophagus also move more slowly when you are pregnant. And as the uterus grows, it presses on the stomach. This can sometimes force stomach acid up into the esophagus. Heartburn may...
Heartburn Symptom Record
Record Answer questions Date and time of day: ________ Date and time of day: ________ Date and time of day: ________ Symptoms What were your symptoms? How long did the heartburn last? Do you have any other symptoms, such as asthma, hoarseness, or stomach pain? Does pain radiate to another part of your body? Impact of...
Heartburn: Changing Your Eating Habits
Developing healthier eating habits, losing weight if you need to, and avoiding foods that increase symptoms of GERD may make heartburn less likely to occur. Here are some changes you can try. Stay at a weight that's healthy for you. Extra weight puts more pressure on your stomach and makes you more likely to have...
Helicobacter Pylori Bacteria
Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that is a major cause of stomach (gastric) and upper small intestine (duodenal) ulcers. Infection with H. pylori may also increase the risk of stomach cancer. What problems can Helicobacter pylori cause? Helicobacter pylori can cause ulcers by growing in the lining of the...
Helicobacter Pylori Tests
Helicobacter pylori tests are used to detect a Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine ( duodenum). H. pylori can cause peptic ulcers. But most people with H. pylori in their digestive systems do not develop ulcers. Four tests are used to detect H. pylori: Blood...
Hemorrhoidectomy
Covers hemorrhoidectomy, surgery to remove hemorrhoids. Covers when and why it is done. Also covers how it is done, recovery, and home treatment after surgery. Includes info on common and rare risks.
Hemorrhoids
Discusses hemorrhoids. Covers causes like constipation. Also covers symptoms, including rectal itching or bleeding. Discusses what increases your risk and offers prevention tips. Includes info on home treatment and medical procedures like hemorrhoidectomy.
Hemorrhoids: Which Treatment Should I Use?
Guides you through decision to treat hemorrhoids. Looks at home remedies and other treatment options including rubber band ligation, coagulation, and hemorrhoidectomy. Includes an interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Hepatitis A
What is hepatitis A? Hepatitis A is a virus that can infect the liver. Hepatitis A spreads when people eat food or drink water that is contaminated by stool (feces) that has the virus in it. The infection usually goes away on its own and doesn't lead to long-term liver problems. Rarely, it can be more serious. How is it...
Hepatitis A Vaccine: What You Need to Know
Hepatitis A vaccine can prevent hepatitis A. Hepatitis A is a serious liver disease. It is usually spread through close, personal contact with an infected person or when a person unknowingly ingests the virus from objects, food, or drinks that are contaminated by small amounts of stool (poop) from an infected person.
Hepatitis A Virus Test
The hepatitis A virus test is a blood test that shows if you have a hepatitis A infection now or had it in the past. The test looks for antibodies made by the body to fight the virus. They will be in your blood if you have a hepatitis A infection now or have had one in the past. Hepatitis A IgM antibodies. These can be...
Hepatitis B Treatment Recommendations
The American Association for the Study of Liver Disease has made recommendations for treating long-term (chronic) hepatitis B. These recommendations are based on the presence of hepatitis B antigens in your blood, the level of hepatitis B viral DNA ( HBV DNA) in your blood, and the level of the liver enzyme alanine...
Hepatitis B Vaccine: What You Need to Know
Hepatitis B vaccine can prevent hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a liver disease that can cause mild illness lasting a few weeks, or it can lead to a serious, long illness. Acute hepatitis B is a short-term illness that can lead to fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, jaundice...
Hepatitis B Virus Tests
Covers hepatitis B virus (HBV) tests that check for hepatitis B infection. Looks at most common HBV tests. Explains how tests are done and how to prepare for them. Looks at other tests that show how well the liver is working. Covers test results.
Hepatitis B and C: Risk of Liver Cancer
People who are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) virus may develop a chronic infection that can lead to cirrhosis. The damage that results increases the risk of liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). If you have chronic HBV infection: You may develop liver cancer even if you do not have...
Hepatitis B: How to Avoid Spreading the Virus
The following tips can help you prevent the spread of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Tell the people you live with or have sex with about your illness as soon as possible. The CDC recommends that people in close contact with an infected person get the hepatitis B vaccine. Do not donate blood or blood products, organs...
Hepatitis B: Postvaccination Test for Immunity
A postvaccination test for immunity to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is recommended only if you: Have an impaired immune system. This can be caused by many things, such as infection with HIV or the use of medicines to prevent organ rejection. Are having dialysis for kidney failure. Received the hepatitis B vaccine in the...
Hepatitis B: Should I Be Tested?
Guides through decision to be tested for hepatitis B. Explains hepatitis B and discusses causes and lifestyles that put you at higher risk. Covers benefits and risks. Includes an interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Hepatitis B: Should I Take Antiviral Medicine for Chronic Hepatitis B?
Guides you through the decision to take antiviral drugs for chronic hepatitis B. Covers treatment with interferons and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Lists side effects. Includes interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Hepatitis C
Discusses hepatitis C, a disease caused by a virus that infects the liver. Covers causes and symptoms. Includes info on the two phases, acute and chronic. Includes info on cirrhosis. Covers treatment with antiviral medicines and surgery.
Hepatitis C Virus Tests
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) test is a blood test that looks for the genetic material ( RNA) of the virus that causes hepatitis or for the proteins ( antibodies) the body makes against HCV. These proteins will be present in your blood if you have a hepatitis C infection now or have had one in the past. Different tests are...
Hepatitis C: Your Risk for Cirrhosis
Many people who are infected with the hepatitis C virus will develop long-term (chronic) infection. Some people who have chronic hepatitis C will go on to develop cirrhosis—severe liver damage and scarring—after a period of about 20 years or more. Certain factors may affect how quickly problems such as cirrhosis or...
Hepatitis D
Infection with the hepatitis D virus (HDV), or delta agent, occurs only in people who are already infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HDV infection may make HBV infection more severe. In people who have long-term (chronic) HBV infection, HDV infection can make liver disease worse. Or it can cause a person who did...
Hepatitis E
What is hepatitis E? Hepatitis E is a virus that can infect the liver. Unlike other forms of hepatitis, the hepatitis E virus usually doesn't lead to long-term illness or serious liver damage. Most people get well within a few months. How is it spread? People usually get hepatitis E by drinking water or eating food...
Hepatitis Panel
Covers blood test used to find markers of hepatitis infection. Lists types of hepatitis panels. Includes links for more info on hepatitis A, B, and C virus tests.
Hiatal Hernia
Discusses three main types of hiatal hernia: sliding, paraesophageal, and mixed. Covers symptoms such as heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Looks at treatment with lifestyle changes, medicines, and sometimes surgery.
Hiccups
What are hiccups? Hiccups occur when a spasm contracts the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a large sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. This spasm causes an intake of breath that is suddenly stopped by the closing of the vocal cords. This is what makes the "hiccup" sound. There are...
Hidden Gluten
Gluten is a protein found in some grains, notably wheat, barley, and rye. Some foods and food products may contain gluten even when it is not specifically listed as an ingredient. The following foods and food products may have hidden gluten: Milk products Ice cream and other frozen dairy products Cheese spreads Yogurt...
Hirschsprung Disease
What is Hirschsprung disease? Hirschsprung disease is a birth defect that affects the nerve cells in the large intestine (colon). These nerve cells control the muscles that normally push food and waste through the colon. In children who have Hirschsprung disease, nerve cells are missing from part or all of the colon...
Ileoanal Anastomosis for Ulcerative Colitis
This surgery is done to treat ulcerative colitis. The doctor removes all of the large intestine (colon) and the diseased lining of the rectum. This surgery is also called an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). In an ileoanal procedure, the lining of the rectum is removed, and the lower end of the small intestine (the...
Incision of External Hemorrhoids
When an external hemorrhoid gets irritated and clots (thrombosed, or clotted, hemorrhoid), a doctor may relieve your pain by removing the contents of the clot. The doctor will use a medicine to numb the anal area (local anesthetic). Then he or she will make a small incision to drain the clot. This will probably give you...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Cancer Risk
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) increases the risk of colon cancer. The amount of increased risk depends on the type of inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease of the colon), how much of the intestine is involved, and how long you have had IBD.
Infrared Photocoagulation for Hemorrhoids
Has info on infrared photocoagulation, a procedure in which an intense beam of infrared light is used to cause scar tissue, which cuts off the blood supply to the hemorrhoid. Covers how well it works and risks. Covers what to expect after the procedure.
Inguinal Hernia
Provides information on hernias. Focuses on inguinal hernias. Briefly describes femoral and abdominal wall hernias. Covers symptoms and treatment with surgery.
Inguinal Hernia: Should I Have Surgery Now, or Should I Wait?
Guides you through decision to have inguinal hernia surgery. Looks at the two types of surgery for treatment. Covers benefits and risks. Includes an interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Inguinal Hernia: Surgery in Adults
Inguinal hernia repair is a type of surgery. An inguinal hernia is a bulge under the skin in your groin. It happens when there is a weak spot in the groin muscle and a piece of the intestines or tissue pokes through the muscle. This can be painful. You may have pain when you're active. Or it may be painful when you...
Intraoperative Cholangiogram
An intraoperative cholangiogram is a procedure that is sometimes done during the surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). The doctor places a small tube called a catheter into the cystic duct, which drains bile from the gallbladder into the common bile duct. A dye that blocks X-rays is injected into the...
Intussusception
What is intussusception? Intussusception means that one part of the intestine has folded into itself, like a telescope. This can happen anywhere along the intestinal tract. It usually happens between the lower part of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. The part of the intestine that folds...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Controlling Symptoms With Diet
Covers how to control the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with diet. Suggests changing eating habits to manage symptoms. Lists foods that may cause symptoms.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Criteria for Diagnosis
Experts on digestive diseases developed these criteria, known as the Rome III criteria, to help doctors determine whether symptoms are caused by irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). You meet the Rome III criteria for IBS if your symptoms began at least 6 months ago, you have had abdominal (belly) pain or discomfort at least...
Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test
Discusses test to help diagnose lung disease, lymphoma, anemia, liver disease, and also to see how well chemotherapy is working during treatment for lymphoma. Looks at possible results.
Lactose Intolerance
What is lactose intolerance? Lactose intolerance is a problem that makes it hard to digest lactose. Lactose is a type of natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. This condition isn't the same thing as a food allergy to milk. When lactose moves through the large intestine (colon) without being properly digested...
Laparoscopic Gallbladder Removal Surgery for Gallstones
Discusses cholecystectomy, surgery to remove the gallbladder. Covers how it is done and how well it gets rid of gallstones. Also covers risks associated with laparoscopic surgery.
Laparoscopic Surgery
Laparoscopy (say "lap-uh-ROSS-kuh-pee") is a type of surgery that uses very small cuts. These cuts are called incisions. The doctor puts a lighted tube through incisions in your belly. This tube is called a scope. Then the doctor puts special tools through the tube to do the surgery. The surgery may be done to diagnose...
Laparoscopy
Laparoscopy (say "lap-uh-ROSS-kuh-pee") is a type of surgery that uses very small cuts. These cuts are called incisions. The doctor puts a lighted tube through incisions in your belly. This tube is called a scope. Then the doctor puts special tools through the tube to do the surgery. The surgery may be done to diagnose...
Laxatives
A laxative is a substance that helps you have a bowel movement. Laxatives are used to relieve and prevent constipation, which occurs when it is difficult to have a bowel movement. What are the types of laxatives? There are four types of products for preventing or treating constipation. Bulking agents. Food such as bran...
Lipase Blood Test
A lipase test measures the amount of this enzyme in a blood sample. High amounts of lipase may be found in the blood when the pancreas is damaged or when the tube leading from the pancreas (pancreatic duct) to the beginning of the small intestine is blocked.
Liposuction
Liposuction removes fat from your body using suction. During the procedure, small, thin tubes (cannula) are inserted through tiny cuts in the skin. Fat is suctioned out through these tubes as the doctor moves the tubes around under the skin to target specific fat deposits. In recent years, improved techniques have made...
Listeriosis
What is listeriosis? Listeriosis is food poisoning caused by eating foods contaminated with the Listeria monocytogenes ( L. monocytogenes) bacterium. In pregnant women, the infection can result in miscarriage, premature delivery, serious infection of the newborn, or even stillbirth. Listeriosis affects mainly pregnant...
Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Prevention : Prevention - Patient Information [NCI]
Primary liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the liver. Cancer that forms in other parts of the body and spreads to the liver is not primary liver cancer. The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It has two lobes and fills the upper right side of the abdomen...
Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening: Screening - Patient Information [NCI]
Primary liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the liver. Cancer that forms in other parts of the body and spreads to the liver is not primary liver cancer. The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It has two lobes and fills the upper right side of the abdomen...
Liver Function Panel
Briefly discusses liver function panel, a blood test to check for liver disease. Offers links to info on other tests that check for problems with the liver.
Liver Function Tests
Covers blood tests that find out if your liver is damaged or inflamed. Discusses tests that measure bilirubin, albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Discusses other possible tests to confirm diagnosis of hepatitis C.
Liver Resection
Liver resection is surgery to remove a piece of the liver. Up to one-half of your liver can be removed if the rest of it is healthy. The doctor makes a cut (incision) in your belly to take out part of the liver. If the doctor removes the right side of your liver, your gallbladder will also be removed. Liver resection...
Liver Transplant
Teaches basic information about liver transplants, including why they are done, how well they work, and what the risks are.
Liver Transplant in Children
Teaches basic information about liver transplants in children, including why they are done, how well they work, and what the risks are.
Liver and Spleen Scan
Discusses nuclear scan to look at liver and spleen for problems. Explains how to prepare for the test, how it is done, and risks. Discusses results and what affects the tests. Looks at other tests that may be done.
Living With More Than One Health Problem
Many people have more than one long-term (chronic) health problem. You may be one of them. For example, you may have high blood pressure and diabetes, or you may have high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart failure. When you have more than one problem, doctors call the health problems comorbidities. One health problem...
Living With an Ostomy
Right after the ostomy surgery, your activities will be restricted to ensure healing. During this time, don't lift more than 10 lb (4.5 kg) for 6 weeks. This decreases the risk for hernias. After this period, you probably will be able to resume normal activities. Noncontact activities, such as swimming, hiking, camping...
Lung Transplant for Cystic Fibrosis
Lung transplant is an option for a few people who have severe lung problems that are caused by cystic fibrosis (CF). The procedure removes the diseased lungs and replaces them with healthy lungs from a recently deceased donor.
MELD Score (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease)
Learn about a MELD score (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease). Find out why a MELD score is done and how your doctor finds your MELD score.
Magnetic Resonance Cholangiogram
A magnetic resonance cholangiogram (MRC) is a test that can help doctors look for problems in the belly. The image is done from outside the body. No instruments are inserted in the body. Doctors can use MRC to find gallstones before surgery to remove the gallbladder (laparoscopic cholecystectomy). But the test is most...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Discusses test (also called MRI scan) that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. Covers why it is done, how to prepare, and how it is done.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Abdomen
Discusses test (also called MRI scan) that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the belly. Covers why it is done, how to prepare, and how it is done. Discusses results.
Malabsorption Syndrome
What is malabsorption syndrome? Malabsorption syndrome is the inability to absorb nutrients, vitamins, and minerals from the intestinal tract into the bloodstream. What causes it? Causes of malabsorption syndrome may include: Diseases affecting the intestine itself, such as celiac disease. Absence or low levels of...
Marine Toxins
Marine toxins are chemicals and bacteria that can contaminate certain types of seafood. Eating the seafood may result in food poisoning. The seafood may look, smell, and taste normal. There are five common types of marine toxins, and they all cause different symptoms. Food poisoning through marine toxins is rare. Marine...
Medicines That Can Cause Abdominal Pain
Many prescription and nonprescription medicines can cause belly pain or cramping. A few examples are: Aspirin, ibuprofen (such as Advil or Motrin), and naproxen (such as Aleve). Antibiotics. Antidiarrheals. Laxatives. Iron supplements. Your health professional may be able to prescribe other medicines if you are having...
Medicines That Can Cause Constipation
Many prescription and nonprescription medicines can cause constipation. Examples include: Antacids. Antidepressants. Some blood pressure medicines. Cold medicines (antihistamines). Calcium and iron supplements. Opioid pain medicines. If you think that the constipation is caused by a medicine: For prescription medicines...
Medicines That Can Cause Diarrhea
Many prescription and nonprescription medicines can cause diarrhea. A few examples are: Antibiotics. Antidepressants. Antacids. Proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (Prevacid). Medicines used to treat cancer (chemotherapy). Many antibiotics cause diarrhea. Usually the diarrhea is mild...
Medicines That Can Cause Heartburn
Many prescription and nonprescription medicines can cause heartburn. A few examples are: Aspirin, ibuprofen (such as Advil or Motrin), and naproxen (such as Aleve). Antibiotics. Steroids, such as prednisone. Some heart medicines. Caffeine and alcohol also can cause heartburn. If you think that your heartburn may be...
Medicines That Can Cause Nausea and Vomiting
Many nonprescription and prescription medicines can cause nausea or vomiting. A few examples are: Antibiotics. Antidepressants. Aspirin, ibuprofen (such as Advil or Motrin), and naproxen (such as Aleve). Medicines used to treat cancer (chemotherapy). Opioid pain medicines. Vitamins and mineral supplements, such as iron...
Medicines That Can Cause Pancreatitis
In certain cases, medicines may cause an inflamed pancreas ( pancreatitis). These include: Antibiotics. Drugs that suppress the immune system. Drugs used to treat high blood pressure. Aminosalicylates. Diuretics. Corticosteroids. Estrogen. Drugs used to treat diabetes. Valproate. General anesthetics. Antidepressants...
Medicines or Vitamins That Can Cause Gas, Bloating, or Burping
Many nonprescription and prescription medicines and supplements can cause gas and bloating. A few examples are: Aspirin. Antacids. Diarrhea medicines, such as Imodium, Kaopectate, and Lomotil. Opioid pain medicines. Fiber supplements and bulking agents, such as Citrucel, Fiberall, and Metamucil. Multivitamins and iron...
Mild, Moderate, or Severe Diarrhea
Diarrhea is described as an increase in the frequency of bowel movements or a decrease in the consistency of stools that causes the discharge of watery, loose stools. The severity of diarrhea is determined by the size and number of stools passed within a period of time. Severe diarrhea means having more than 10 loose...
Monitoring During Anesthesia
What is monitored anesthesia care (MAC)? Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) means that an anesthesia specialist will care for you during your procedure. The specialist will make sure that you get the level of anesthesia you need to be comfortable. They'll also help keep you safe. They can change the type of anesthesia if...
Motion Sickness
What is motion sickness? If you've ever been sick to your stomach on a rocking boat or a bumpy airplane ride, you know the discomfort of motion sickness. It doesn't cause long-term problems, but it can make your life miserable, especially if you travel a lot. Children from 5 to 12 years old, women, and older adults get...
Multi-Organ Transplants
Teaches basic information about multi-organ transplants, including why they are done, how well they work, and what the risks are.
Nausea and Vomiting, Age 11 and Younger
Briefly discusses the common causes of nausea and vomiting in children, including stomach illnesses and infections. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
What is necrotizing enterocolitis? Necrotizing enterocolitis is infection and inflammation of the intestine. It is most common in babies who are born early (premature). Many newborns who have it go on to live healthy lives. But if the infection becomes severe, it can cause severe damage to the intestine, which can be...
Needle Biopsy of the Liver
Explains liver biopsy, also called percutaneous liver biopsy, a test used to look for liver diseases like hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, and cancer. Covers how to prepare and what to expect. Includes what results mean. Also lists risks.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Discusses nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which includes nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Discusses lifestyle changes, including losing weight and managing other conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol.
Nonprescription Antacids for Heartburn
Many people take nonprescription antacids for mild or occasional heartburn. Antacids are substances that neutralize some of the stomach acid. Examples of nonprescription antacids include: Rolaids. Maalox. Mylanta. Tums. Be careful when you take over-the-counter antacid medicines. Many of these medicines have aspirin in...
Noroviruses (Norwalk Viruses)
What are noroviruses? Noroviruses are also called Norwalk-like viruses and caliciviruses. Noroviruses cause gastroenteritis, food infection, food poisoning, and acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. What causes them? Noroviruses typically spread through contaminated water and foods, although they can also pass from person...
Object Stuck in a Child's Airway
An object can become stuck in the airway at any age but is most common in children younger than age 3. Although a child may not have any symptoms when something is stuck in his or her airway, any of the following symptoms may occur: Rapid, noisy, or high-pitched breathing Increased drooling Difficult, painful...
Object Stuck in the Throat
Sometimes after you swallow a pill it may feel like it "got stuck" or didn't go all the way down. This feeling usually goes away within 30 to 60 minutes if you drink liquids or eat a piece of bread. You may not have any symptoms when something is stuck in your esophagus. But when symptoms are present, they may include...
Open Gallbladder Surgery for Gallstones
In open gallbladder surgery (cholecystectomy), the surgeon removes the gallbladder through a single, large cut (incision) in the belly. The surgery usually lasts 1 to 2 hours. You will need general anesthesia. The surgeon will make the incision either under the border of the right rib cage or in the middle of the upper...
Open Inguinal Hernia Repair (Herniorrhaphy, Hernioplasty)
Discusses surgery that involves an incision to repair hernias in the groin. Covers why surgery is done and how well it works. Covers risks. Covers things to think about when having hernia repair surgery (herniorrhaphy).
Organ Transplant
Answers questions about organ transplants. Covers becoming an organ donor and getting on a waiting list. Covers tests used to see if you'd be a good candidate. Looks at medicines that you might take after a transplant. Offers tips for staying healthy.
Pain Management
What is pain? Pain is your body's way of warning you that something may be wrong. Pain can affect your emotions as well as your body. For example, if you put your hand on a hot stove, the pain lets you know right away that you're hurt and need to protect yourself. Pain can also make you feel irritable, anxious, or...
Pain Management Clinic
Chronic pain often requires both counseling and medical treatment, because it can have a wearing effect on both the body and the mind. At a pain management clinic, you can get multidisciplinary treatment from a team of specialists, including: Physiatrists. These medical doctors specialize in physical medicine and...
Pancreas Transplant
A pancreas transplant is surgery to give you a healthy pancreas. It may be combined with a kidney transplant if you also have kidney failure. The new organs come from a person (donor) who is deceased. Before the transplant, you'll have many tests. These include tests to see how well the donor pancreas matches your...
Pancreatic Cancer
Describes pancreatic cancer. Talks about symptoms and what tests are used to diagnose it. Provides treatment details. Lists factors that raise your risk.
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors form in hormone-making cells (islet cells) of the pancreas. The pancreas is a gland about 6 inches long that is shaped like a thin pear lying on its side. The wider end of the pancreas is called the head, the middle section is called the body, and the narrow end is called the tail. The...
Paracentesis
Paracentesis is a procedure to take out fluid that has collected in the belly ( peritoneal fluid) outside the intestines. This fluid buildup is called ascites. Ascites may be caused by infection, inflammation, an injury, or other conditions, such as cirrhosis or cancer. The fluid is taken out using a thin needle put...
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
What is pelvic organ prolapse? Pelvic organ prolapse means that a pelvic organ—such as your bladder—has moved from its normal position and is pressing against your vagina. This can happen when the muscles and tissues that hold your pelvic organs in place get weak or damaged. Pelvic organ prolapse is common. It isn't...
Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Should I Have Surgery?
Guides through decision to have surgery for pelvic organ prolapse. Explains symptoms and discusses several types of surgeries used for different symptoms. Covers benefits and risks. Includes an interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Peptic Ulcer Disease
What are peptic ulcers, and what causes them? Peptic ulcers are sores in the inner lining of the stomach or upper small intestine. They form when the digestive juices produced by the stomach erode or eat away the lining of the digestive tract. Peptic ulcers may form in the lining of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or just...
Perforation
A perforation is a hole in the wall of the digestive tract. A perforation may occur anywhere in the digestive tract and may occur when: A crater-shaped sore (ulcer) eats through the wall of the stomach or a section of intestine. An infection in the appendix eats through the wall of the appendix. An infection of an...
Pinworms
What are pinworms? Pinworms are a type of parasite that lives in the digestive system of humans. They are common throughout the world. Adult pinworms are about 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) long and look like little white threads. Pinworm eggs are so tiny, you'd need a microscope to see them. What causes them? Most people get...
Postcholecystectomy Syndrome
Postcholecystectomy syndrome sometimes occurs when abdominal symptoms develop after surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). Symptoms of postcholecystectomy syndrome may include: Upset stomach, nausea, and vomiting. Gas, bloating, and diarrhea. Persistent pain in the upper right abdomen. Your doctor may be...
Postoperative Problems
Briefly discusses possible problems that may occur after surgery. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Potassium (K) in Blood Test
Discusses blood test to check level of potassium (K) in blood. Includes info on what affects potassium levels in the body such as kidney function, blood pH, and hormones. Explains how and why test is done. Covers what results mean.
Potassium (K) in Urine Test
Discusses test to check level of potassium (K) in urine. Includes info on what affects potassium levels in the body such as kidney function, blood pH, and hormones. Explains how and why test is done. Covers what results mean.
Prealbumin Blood Test
This test measures the amount of prealbumin in the blood. Prealbumin is a protein that is made in the liver and released in the blood. It helps carry certain hormones that regulate the way the body uses energy and other substances through the blood. When prealbumin levels are lower than normal, it may be a sign of a...
Pregnancy: Changes in Bowel Habits
Constipation and hemorrhoids are common problems during pregnancy. Constipation Constipation causes less frequent and more strained bowel movements. The bowels commonly move more slowly when you're pregnant. And iron in prenatal vitamins also can cause constipation during pregnancy. Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids are swollen...
Pregnancy: Hemorrhoids and Constipation
Offers tips for easing constipation and hemorrhoids during pregnancy.
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)
Discusses primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Looks at causes and symptoms. Covers how it is diagnosed and treated. Also looks at symptoms of advanced liver damage such as variceal bleeding and osteoporosis.
Probiotics
Probiotics are a type of good bacteria. They help keep the natural balance of organisms in the intestines. They reduce the growth of harmful bacteria to help keep the digestive system healthy. The largest group of probiotics in the intestine is lactic acid bacteria. It's in yogurt with live cultures. Yeast is another...
Proctocolectomy and Ileostomy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
In proctocolectomy, the large intestine and rectum are removed, leaving the lower end of the small intestine (the ileum). The doctor sews the anus closed and makes a small opening called a stoma in the skin of the lower belly. The surgery to create the stoma (or any other artificial opening) is called an ostomy. The...
Protect Yourself From Hepatitis A When Traveling
Immunization against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) is recommended for anyone traveling to any country or area except: Australia. Canada. Japan. New Zealand. The United States. Western Europe and the Scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden, and Finland). Talk to your doctor before visiting any other areas. If you plan to...
Pushing a Rectal Prolapse Into Place
You may be able to push a rectal prolapse back into place as soon as it occurs. Your doctor will let you know if this is okay to do. Put on disposable gloves, and put lubricating jelly on your finger. Gently push back any tissue that has come out of the anus. Apply an ice pack to help decrease swelling. Be sure to keep...
Pyloric Stenosis
What is pyloric stenosis? Pyloric stenosis is a problem with a baby's stomach that causes forceful vomiting. It happens when the baby's pylorus, which connects the stomach and the small intestine, swells and thickens. This can keep food from moving into the intestine. A baby may get pyloric stenosis anytime between...
Rectal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Rectal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the rectum. . The rectum is part of the body's digestive system. The digestive system takes in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) from foods and helps pass waste material out of the body. The...
Rectal Problems
Briefly discusses the causes of rectal itching, rectal bleeding, and rectal pain. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Rectal Problems Caused by Abuse
Signs of abuse may not be apparent without an examination of the genital area. These signs include: Bruises, scars, chafing, or bite marks in the genital area. Discharge from the vagina or penis. Rectal or genital bleeding. Anal tears or dilation. Symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as gonorrhea...
Rectal Prolapse
What is rectal prolapse? In a rectal prolapse, part or all of the wall of the rectum slides out of place and sticks out of the anus. It may be a: Complete prolapse. The entire wall of the rectum slides out of place. At first, it may slip out of the anus only during bowel movements. Over time, this may occur when you...
Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP)
Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) with no cause is defined as at least 3 separate episodes of abdominal pain that occur in a 3-month period. These episodes are often severe, and the child is not able to do his or her normal activities. It may affect up to 30% of children between the ages of 4 and 12. Symptoms of RAP are...
Refeeding Syndrome
Understand the basics about refeeding syndrome, including symptoms and treatment options.
Repair of Rectocele or Enterocele
A rectocele occurs when the end of the large intestine (rectum) pushes against and moves the back wall of the vagina. An enterocele (small bowel prolapse) occurs when the small bowel presses against and moves the upper wall of the vagina. Rectoceles and enteroceles may develop if the lower pelvic muscles become damaged...
Rotavirus
What is rotavirus? Rotavirus is a virus that infects the intestinal tract. You can get rotavirus more than once, but the first infection is usually the worst. This infection causes stomach upset and diarrhea. Babies and very young children who have rotavirus infections need to be watched closely, because they can become...
Rotavirus Vaccine: What You Need to Know
Rotavirus vaccine can prevent rotavirus disease. Rotavirus commonly causes severe, watery diarrhea, mostly in babies and young children. Vomiting and fever are also common in babies with rotavirus. Children may become dehydrated and need to be hospitalized and can even die. Rotavirus vaccine is administered by...
Rubber Band Ligation for Hemorrhoids
Describes rubber band ligation, a procedure in which the hemorrhoid is tied off at its base with rubber bands. Covers why it is done and how well it works. Also covers risks. Discusses what to expect after treatment.
Salivary Gland Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Salivary gland cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the salivary glands. The salivary glands make saliva and release it into the mouth. Saliva has enzymes that help digest food and antibodies that help protect against infections of the mouth and throat. There are 3 pairs of...
Salmonellosis
What is salmonellosis? Salmonellosis is a type of food poisoning caused by the Salmonella enterica bacterium. There are many different kinds of these bacteria. Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis are the most common types in the United States. Salmonellosis is more common in the summer...
Scleroderma
Scleroderma is a rare disease in which a person's immune system begins to change normal, healthy tissues. (This is called an autoimmune disease.) As a result, connective tissue of the skin, lungs, heart, and digestive tract is replaced with scar tissue. This change causes the tissues to become stiff and the muscles to...
Shigellosis
What is shigellosis? Shigellosis is a type of food poisoning caused by infection with the Shigella bacterium. It is more common in summer than winter. Children ages 2 to 4 are most likely to get the condition. What causes it? Shigellosis is spread when the bacteria in feces (stool) or on soiled fingers are ingested...
Sigmoidoscopy (Anoscopy, Proctoscopy)
Anoscopy, proctoscopy, and sigmoidoscopy tests allow your doctor to look at the inner lining of your anus, your rectum, and the lower part of the large intestine (colon). These tests are used to look for abnormal growths (such as tumors or polyps), inflammation, bleeding, hemorrhoids, and other conditions (such as...
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a test that uses a special type of camera and a tracer (a radioactive substance in liquid form) to look at organs or bones in the body. During the test, the tracer is put into a vein (intravenous, or I.V.) in your arm. Sometimes it's taken by mouth or inhaled through...
Small Intestine Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI]
Small intestine cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the small intestine. The small intestine is part of the body's digestive system, which also includes the esophagus, stomach, and large intestine. The digestive system removes and processes nutrients (vitamins...
Sodium (Na) in Blood Test
A sodium test checks how much sodium is in the blood. Sodium is both an electrolyte and mineral. It helps keep the water (the amount of fluid inside and outside the body's cells) and electrolyte balance of the body. Sodium is also important in how nerves and muscles work. Most of the sodium in the body is found in blood...
Spitting Up
Almost all babies spit up, especially newborns. Spitting up happens less often after the muscles of the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach, become more coordinated. This process can take as little as 6 months or as long as 1 year. When is spitting up a sign of a problem? If your baby...
Staph Food Poisoning
What is staph food poisoning? Staph food poisoning is a type of food poisoning caused by infection with the Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacterium. The bacteria multiply in foods and produce toxins especially if food is kept at room temperature. The toxins may be present in dangerous amounts in foods that have no...
Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Causes and Risk Factors: Prevention - Patient Information [NCI]
Stomach cancer is caused by certain changes to the way stomach cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. There are many risk factors for stomach cancer, but many do not directly cause cancer. Instead, they increase the chance of DNA damage in cells that may lead to stomach cancer. To learn more...
Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Screening: Screening - Patient Information [NCI]
Screening is looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. This can help detect cancer at an early stage. When abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat. . In the United States, there are no standard or routine screening tests to detect stomach cancer in people at average risk...
Stool Analysis
Discusses stool analysis, a test used to look for bacteria, parasites, or blood in the digestive tract. Covers why and how it is done. Looks at risks. Covers normal and abnormal results.
Stool Culture
A stool culture is a test on a stool sample to find germs (such as bacteria or a fungus) that can cause an infection. A sample of stool is added to a substance that promotes the growth of germs. If no germs grow, the culture is negative. If germs that can cause infection grow, the culture is positive. The type of germ...
Stool Tests for Colorectal Cancer
A stool test is one of many tests used to look for colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer affects the large intestine ( colon) and the rectum. Stool tests look for signs of blood or cancer in a stool sample. Stool tests include: Fecal immunochemical test (FIT). Guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT). Stool DNA test, also...
Stroke: Bladder and Bowel Problems
Urinary incontinence Some people who have a stroke suffer loss of bladder control (urinary incontinence) after the stroke. But this is usually temporary. And it can have many causes, including infection, constipation, and the effects of medicines. If you have problems controlling your bladder, your doctor may: Test a...
Swallowed Air
Swallowing air may cause bloating, burping, gas, and abdominal pain. Swallowed air that is not released by burping passes through the digestive tract and is released as gas (flatus). Babies often swallow air during feeding. It is important to burp your baby during and after feeding. Swallowed air may cause a baby to be...
Swallowed Button Disc Battery, Magnet, or Object With Lead
Button disc batteries Button disc batteries are found in watches, cameras, calculators, hearing aids, and computer games. They are easily swallowed by children. These batteries, which contain corrosive fluids, can come apart when swallowed and quickly damage tissue. Some batteries contain potentially life-threatening...
Swallowed or Inhaled Objects
Briefly discusses the types of things that can be swallowed or inhaled, such as food, poisonous plants or chemicals, and disc batteries. Offers interactive tool to help decide when to seek care. Also offers home treatment tips.
Technetium-Labeled Red Blood Cell Bleeding Scan
In a technetium-labeled red blood cell bleeding scan, blood is taken from you, and a small amount of radioactive material called technetium is added to the blood. The blood with the technetium is then injected back into your bloodstream. Red blood cells with the technetium attached to them accumulate at the location of...
Tips for Swallowing Medicines
Some people have a hard time swallowing medicines. Large pills or capsules can get stuck in your throat, especially if your mouth is dry. Sometimes stuck pills can lead to heartburn and other problems. Here are some tips to help make swallowing easier. Take a few sips of water to moisten your throat before you swallow...
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
Sometimes your digestive system isn't able to process foods. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) gives you liquid nutrition through a tube (catheter) inserted into a vein. These nutrients include protein, carbohydrate, and fats. The nutrients go directly into the blood. They don't go through the digestive tract. You may...
Total Serum Protein Test
A total serum protein test measures the total amount of protein in the blood. It also measures the amounts of two major groups of proteins in the blood: albumin and globulin. Albumin. This is made mainly in the liver. It helps keep the blood from leaking out of blood vessels. Albumin also helps carry some medicines and...
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)
TIPS is a procedure in which a stent is placed to join two veins in a damaged liver. One vein carries blood to the liver (portal vein). The other vein goes from the liver to the heart (hepatic vein). TIPS forms a channel that allows some of the blood to bypass the liver.
Traveler's Diarrhea
What is traveler's diarrhea? Traveler's diarrhea is a common medical problem for people traveling from developed, industrialized countries to developing areas of the world. High-risk areas for traveler's diarrhea include developing countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. Low-risk areas include the...
Treating a Twisting Bowel Obstruction
Doctors have several options for treating a bowel obstruction caused by twisting of the intestine (volvulus). The choice of procedure depends on the location of the obstruction. If the obstruction is caused by a twisting of the sigmoid area of the large intestine, a doctor may try to straighten out the twisting segment...
Tube Feeding: Living With a Feeding Tube
Provides tips for using a feeding tube for food and medicine, caring for the tube, and avoiding and responding to common problems. Briefly explains when a feeding tube may be needed.
Types of Peptic Ulcers
There are two different types of peptic ulcers. They are: Gastric ulcers, which form in the lining of the stomach. Duodenal ulcers, which form in the upper small intestine. Both types of peptic ulcers are most commonly caused either by infection with Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) bacteria or by frequent use of...
Types of Ulcerative Colitis
The severity of ulcerative colitis is determined by certain criteria. Ulcerative colitis can be classified as mild, moderate, severe, or fulminant (very severe), which may guide treatment choices. People who have mild ulcerative colitis may have: Fewer than four bowel movements (stools) a day. No bleeding or a small...
Ulcerative Colitis
Discusses ulcerative colitis, a common type of inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon and rectum. Covers symptoms and what happens as the disease progresses. Offers home treatment tips. Discusses treatment with medicine and surgery.
Ulcerative Colitis: Problems Outside the Digestive Tract
Complications of ulcerative colitis can include: Arthritis, in 5 to 20 out of 100 people. Some people develop colitis-related arthritis, which may resemble rheumatoid arthritis. In people who have ulcerative colitis, inflammation limited to the lower joints of the spine (sacroiliitis) is more common than ankylosing...
Ulcerative Colitis: Should I Have Surgery?
Guides through decision to have surgery for ulcerative colitis. Explains symptoms, long-term risks involved with the disease. Discusses common surgery options. Includes an interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Umbilical Hernia in Children
What is an umbilical hernia? An umbilical hernia happens when intestine, fat, or fluid pushes through a weak spot or hole in your baby's stomach muscles. This causes a bulge near or in the belly button, or navel. It may look like your child's belly button is swollen. Many children have an umbilical hernia at birth. The...
Umbilical Hernia: Should I Have Surgery?
Guides through decision to have surgery for an umbilical hernia. Describes symptoms of an umbilical hernia and when they normally occur. Covers benefits and risks. Includes an interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Umbilical Hernia: Should My Child Have Surgery?
Guides through decision to have your child have surgery for an umbilical hernia. Describes symptoms of an umbilical hernia and when they normally occur. Covers benefits and risks. Includes an interactive tool to help you make your decision.
Upper Gastrointestinal (UGI) Series
Discusses test that uses X-rays to find problems in the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Covers why and how it is done. Offers tips on preparing for the test. Covers risks. Looks at results and at what could affect the test.
Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Discusses procedure (also called EGD or esophagogastroduodenoscopy) used to check the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine for problems. Covers why it is done, how it is done, and how it feels. Discusses what results could mean. Looks at risks.
Video Capsule Endoscopy
Video capsule endoscopy is a test that allows your doctor to look for bleeding in your small intestine. It can also help find tumors or other problems there. You swallow a pill-sized capsule that contains a small camera. The camera takes pictures of your small intestine. It lets your doctor view parts of the small...
Viral Hepatitis
What is viral hepatitis? Viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by an infection with a virus. What causes it? Most cases of viral hepatitis are caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses. Less common causes of hepatitis are cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the Epstein-Barr virus. (This is a virus that causes...
Virtual Colonoscopy
Discusses virtual colonoscopy (computed tomographic colonography). Explains how it differs from regular colonoscopy. Covers why it is done and when it might be chosen. Explains how it is done and what the results mean.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia
Discusses vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. Explains role of B12 in red blood cells, which carry oxygen through your body. Covers symptoms and tests used to diagnose. Includes info on treatment with diet and medicines.
Weaning
Weaning is the process of switching your baby from breastfeeding to bottle-feeding, or from a breast or bottle to a cup or solid foods. Weaning usually works best when it is done gradually over several weeks, months, or even longer. There is no right or wrong time to wean. It depends on how ready you and your baby are...
Weight-Loss (Bariatric) Surgery
Bariatric surgery is surgery to help people lose weight and improve health problems related to weight. It may also be called metabolic surgery. This type of surgery is used for people who have obesity. Weight-loss surgery may be an option for people who have not been able to lose weight or improve weight-related health...
Weight-Loss Medicines
Make sure you know about each of the medicines you take. This includes why you take it, how to take it, what you can expect while you're taking it, and any warnings about the medicine. The information provided here is general. So be sure to read the information that came with your medicine. If you have any questions or...
Whipple Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer
Looks at a type of surgery that removes cancer from the pancreas. Covers why surgery is done and how well it works. Also covers risks.